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<title>Digital buffer</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital buffer</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Buffer_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer (computer science)">Buffer (computer science)</a>.</div>

<p>A <b>digital buffer</b> (or a <b>logic buffer</b>) is an <a href="Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuit</a> element used to copy a <a href="Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital input signal</a> and isolate it from any output <a href="Electrical_load" title="Electrical load">load</a>. For the typical case of using <a href="Voltages" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltages">voltages</a> as logic signals, a logic buffer's <a href="Input_impedance" title="Input impedance">input impedance</a> is high, so it draws little <a href="Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> from the input <a href="Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">circuit</a>, to avoid disturbing its <a href="Signal" title="Signal">signal</a>.

</p><p>The digital buffer is important in <a href="Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a> between connected systems. Buffers are used in <a href="Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">registers</a> (data storage device) and <a href="Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">buses</a> (data transferring device). To connect to a shared bus, a <a href="Three-state_logic" title="Three-state logic">tri-state</a> digital buffer should be used, because it has a <a href="High_impedance" title="High impedance">high impedance</a> ("inactive" or "disconnected") output state (in addition to logic low and high).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functionality">Functionality</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Buffer_amplifier" title="Buffer amplifier">Buffer amplifier</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Buffer_amplifier#Voltage_buffer" title="Buffer amplifier">voltage buffer amplifier</a> transfers a voltage from a high output impedance circuit to a second circuit with low input impedance. Directly connecting a low impedance load to a power source draws current according to <a href="Ohm's_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a>. The high current affects the source. Buffer inputs are high impedance. A buffered load effectively does not affect the source circuit. The buffer's output current is generated within the buffer. In this way, a buffer provides isolation between a power source and a low impedance. The buffer does not intentionally amplify or attenuate the input signal, and so may be called a <i>unity gain</i> buffer.

</p><p>A <i>digital</i> buffer is a type of voltage buffer amplifier that is only concerned about digital <a href="Logic_level" title="Logic level">logic levels</a>, and thus may be non-linear. It may also act as a <a href="Level_shifter" title="Level shifter">level shifter</a>, with output voltages differing from the input voltages. One case of this is an <i>inverting buffer</i> which translates an active-high signal to an active-low one (or vice versa).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_input_voltage_buffer">Single input voltage buffer</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inverting_buffer">Inverting buffer</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Inverter_(logic_gate)" title="Inverter (logic gate)">Inverter (logic gate)</a></div>

<p>This buffer's output state is the opposite of the input state. If the input is high, the output is low, and vice versa. Graphically, an inverting buffer is represented by a triangle with a small circle at the output, with the circle signifying inversion. The inverter is a basic building block in digital electronics. Decoders, state machines, and other sophisticated digital devices often include inverters.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-inverting_buffer">Non-inverting buffer</h4></div>

<p>This kind of buffer performs no inversion or decision-making possibilities. A single input digital buffer is different from an inverter. It does not invert or alter its input signal in any way. It reads an input and outputs a value. Usually, the input side reads either HIGH or LOW input and outputs a HIGH or LOW value, correspondingly. Whether the output terminal sends off HIGH or LOW signal is determined by its input value. The output value will be high if and only if the input value is high. In other words, Q will be high if and only if A is HIGH.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tri-state_digital_buffer">Tri-state digital buffer</h3></div>

<p>Unlike the single input digital buffer which has only one input, the tri-state digital buffer has two inputs: a data input and a control input. (A control input is analogous to a valve, which controls the data flow.) When the control input is active, the output value is the input value, and the buffer is not different from the single input digital buffer.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Active_high_tri-state_digital_buffer">Active high tri-state digital buffer</h4></div>

<p>An <a href="Active-high" class="mw-redirect" title="Active-high">active-high</a> tri-state digital buffer is a buffer that is in an active state that transmits its data input to the output only when its control input voltage is high (logic 1).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But when the control input is low (logic 0), the output is <a href="High_impedance" title="High impedance">high impedance</a> (abbreviated as "Hi-Z"), as if the part had been removed from the circuit.

</p>

<caption>Non-inverting, active high

</caption>

<th>Data input

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<th>Control input

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<th>Output

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>Hi-Z

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>Hi-Z

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Active_low_tri-state_digital_buffer">Active low tri-state digital buffer</h4></div>

<p>It is basically the same as active high digital buffer except the fact that the buffer is active when the control input is at a low state.

</p>

<caption>Non-inverting, active low

</caption>

<th>Data input

</th>

<th>Control input

</th>

<th>Output

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>Hi-Z

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>Hi-Z

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inverting_tri-state_digital_buffer">Inverting tri-state digital buffer</h4></div>

<p>Tri-state digital buffers also have inverting varieties in which the output is the inverse of the input.

</p>

<caption>Inverting, active high

</caption>

<th>Data Input

</th>

<th>Control Input

</th>

<th>Output

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>Hi-Z

</td></tr>

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<td>1

</td>

<td>0

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<td>Hi-Z

</td></tr>

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<td>0

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<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

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<td>1

</td>

<td>1

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<td>0

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<caption>Inverting, active low

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<th>Data input

</th>

<th>Control input

</th>

<th>Output

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>Hi-Z

</td></tr>

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<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>Hi-Z

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2></div>

<p>Single input voltage buffers are used in many places for measurements including:

</p>

<ul><li>In <a href="Strain_gauge" title="Strain gauge">strain gauge</a> circuitry to measure deformations in structures like bridges, airplane wings and I-beams in buildings.</li>

<li>In temperature measurement circuitry for boilers and in high altitude aircraft in a cold environment.</li>

<li>In control circuits for aircraft, people movers in airports, subways and in many different production operations.</li></ul>

<p>Tri-state voltage buffers are used widely to transmit onto shared <a href="Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">buses</a>, since a bus can only transmit one input device's data at a time. The high-impedance output state effectively temporarily disconnects that input device from the bus, since at most only one device should actively drive the bus's shared wires.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_9.html">"Digital Buffer Tutorial"</a>. <i>Electronics Tutorials</i>. 22 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Common_logical_connectives157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="Logical_connective" title="Logical connective">logical connectives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tautology_(logic)" title="Tautology (logic)">Tautology</a>/<a href="Logical_truth" title="Logical truth">True</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \top }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \top }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./cf12e436fef2365e76fcb1034a51179d8328bb33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \top }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sheffer_stroke" title="Sheffer stroke">Alternative denial</a> (<a href="NAND_gate" title="NAND gate">NAND gate</a>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\wedge }}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\wedge }}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./2f076fb91b5d1276ab165ed8dfaa3cacab8d4cef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.665ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\wedge }}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>

<li><a href="Converse_(logic)" title="Converse (logic)">Converse implication</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./682eb97b10e06ba3d2dcc642ecd753d34dbb4ef9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftarrow }" loading="lazy"></span></li>

<li><a href="Material_conditional" title="Material conditional">Implication</a> (<a href="IMPLY_gate" title="IMPLY gate">IMPLY gate</a>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./469b737d167b9b28a74e27c7f5e35b5ea9256100.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span></li>

<li><a href="Logical_disjunction" title="Logical disjunction">Disjunction</a> (<a href="OR_gate" title="OR gate">OR gate</a>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lor }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lor }</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./ab47f6b1f589aedcf14638df1d63049d233d851a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lor }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a> (<a href="Inverter_(logic_gate)" title="Inverter (logic gate)">NOT gate</a>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \neg }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \neg }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./fa78fd02085d39aa58c9e47a6d4033ce41e02fad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.204ex; margin-bottom: -0.376ex; width:1.55ex; height:1.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \neg }" loading="lazy"></span></li>

<li><a href="Exclusive_or" title="Exclusive or">Exclusive or</a> (<a href="XOR_gate" title="XOR gate">XOR gate</a>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oplus }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oplus }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./8b16e2bdaefee9eed86d866e6eba3ac47c710f60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oplus }" loading="lazy"></span></li>

<li><a href="Logical_biconditional" title="Logical biconditional">Biconditional</a> (<a href="XNOR_gate" title="XNOR gate">XNOR gate</a>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \odot }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \odot }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./e89e009eb8a8839c82aa5c76c15e9f2d67006276.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \odot }" loading="lazy"></span></li>

<li><a href="Statement_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a> ()</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Logical_NOR" title="Logical NOR">Joint denial</a> (<a href="NOR_gate" title="NOR gate">NOR gate</a>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\vee }}}">

<mover>

</mover>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\vee }}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./a6f9bdf4cb18d1b79d370c396dc425e80f8340f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.665ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\vee }}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>

<li><a href="Material_nonimplication" title="Material nonimplication">Nonimplication</a> (<a href="NIMPLY_gate" title="NIMPLY gate">NIMPLY gate</a>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nRightarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nRightarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./3e05a42e88f019861cf404b6f982d8f729a4c4ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nRightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span></li>

<li><a href="Converse_nonimplication" title="Converse nonimplication">Converse nonimplication</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nLeftarrow }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nLeftarrow }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./746948304d4d6a4903cc7bf82bf687b6f284eb92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nLeftarrow }" loading="lazy"></span></li>

<li><a href="Logical_conjunction" title="Logical conjunction">Conjunction</a> (<a href="AND_gate" title="AND gate">AND gate</a>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \land }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \land }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./d6823e5a222eb3ca49672818ac3d13ec607052c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \land }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Contradiction" title="Contradiction">Contradiction</a>/<a href="False_(logic)" title="False (logic)">False</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \bot }">

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \bot }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./f282c7bc331cc3bfcf1c57f1452cc23c022f58de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \bot }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>

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